Theory Z in School Administration? Figure 1. Characteristics of Staff Organization. Lapanese Organizations
نویسنده
چکیده
The Japanese approach to manage ment has been analyzed in a number of books and articles, including the best-seller Theory Z by William Ouchi (1981), subtitled "How American Business Can Meet the Japa nese Challenge." Ouchi advances The ory Z as a management style that not only yields greater productivity and prof itability, but also higher degrees of worker satisfaction, company loyalty, and performance. Despite appearing to be primarily about Japan, a large portion of Ouchi's book is about American companies Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Dayton Hud son, and Eli Lilly, for example that he believes have used the Theory Z ap proach with success. Theory Z is not really a theory in any strict sense. In stead, it is a model based on four highly interdependent characteristics (Bowen, 1981):
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